Donor-specific antibodies have become an established biomarker predicting antibody-
mediated rejection. Antibody-mediated rejection is the leading cause of graft loss after
kidney transplant. There are several phenotypes of antibody-mediated rejection along post-
transplant course that are determined by the timing and extent of humoral response and the
various characteristics of donor-specific antibodies, such as antigen classes, specificity,
antibody strength, IgG subclasses, and complement binding capacity. Preformed donor …